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Printable SAT Practice Tests PDFs 18 FREE Official Tests

Printable SAT Practice Tests PDFs 18 FREE Official Tests SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In this article, I'll disclose to you where to locate all official, printable SAT practice tests andanswer keys. This exhaustive guide gives you access to more SAT practice tests than some other online guide. Likewise, you'll learn key procedures that will assist you with making enormous enhancements for SAT practice tests you can print out. Free Printable SAT Tests (Current 1600 Format, 2016-Present) As of now, there are 10 accessible practice tests for the overhauled SAT, all of which have been given by the creator of the SAT itself, theCollege Board. These tests are the most perfectly awesome ones to use for your SAT examinations since they're the most like the test. Practice Test 1:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 2:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 3:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 4:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 5:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 6:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 7:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 8:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 9: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations Practice Test 10: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations Remember to fill in your answers with theSAT answersheet. Baffled with your scores? Need to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've composed a guide about the main 5 procedures you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point: Free Printable SAT Tests (Old 2400 Format, 2005-2016) These next tests follow the old 2400format of the SAT, with isolated Critical Reading, Math, and Writing segments. (Paradoxically, on the present SAT, your Reading and Writing scores are joined for an all out Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score.) Notwithstanding their to some degree obsolete structure, these tests can be helpful for your studying.Just keep in mindall the significant contrasts between the old and current SAT. I suggest utilizing these tests more as instructional meetings than as all out training for the SAT. Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2013-14:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2012-13:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2007-08:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2004-05:Questions|Answers It may look as if I've avoided a couple of years here, yet I really haven't: all the tests for the yearsnot recorded are rehashes of those above, including the 2011-12, 2010-11, 2009-10, 2008-09, 2006-07, and 2005-06 practice tests. So on the off chance that you discover these tests on different discussions or sites, don't burn through your time taking them since they're precisely the same as the ones previously recorded. We're going route once again into the past for this next arrangement of SAT tests. Free Printable SAT Tests (Very Old 1600 Format, Pre-2005) Before the SAT experienced an update in 2016, the last time it had changed was in 2005, back when it bounced from a 1600-direct scale toward a 2400-point scale. In spite of this huge move in scoring, just a couple of significant contrasts could be found between the old 1600 SAT and the old 2400 SAT. Other than those, the majority of the test continued as before. Accordingly, these old SAT practice tests are a shrouded gold minethat scarcely any understudies know about. By stepping through these examinations, at that point, you'll have significantly more of an edge over other test takers. Before I give you the connections, however, note a couple of significant admonitions: You can skirt the analogies inquiries on Reading. These are the issues that resemble Vehicle : ENGINE ::. Since they're no longer on the SAT, there's no reason for considering them. You can avoid the correlation inquiries on Math. This inquiry type presents two boxes and pose to you to choose whether An or B is more prominent. Once more, these aren't on the present SAT, so you don't have to stress over these. There is no Writing area on these tests.Therefore, ensure you utilize strengthening prep materials to contemplate the punctuation and question types you'll have to know for the present SAT's Writing and Language segment. Be appreciative you don't have to answer a portion of these old-group questions-analogies were the essential explanation that the SAT had gained notoriety for compelling understudies to remember vocab! Official SAT Test 2004-05:Questions|Answers Official SAT Test 2003-04:Questions|Answers Official SAT Test 2002:Questions + Answers Official SAT Test 2001:Questions + Answers 6 Tips for Getting the Most Out Of SAT Practice Tests Each SAT practice test requires around four hours of extreme center, so it's imperative to use them successfully. The following are six basic strategiesto follow each time you take a training test. #1: Print Out the Test and Take It on Paper Since the SAT is a paper test (rather than a PC test), it's ideal to take the training tests on paper. Likewise, ensure youdo your scratch work straightforwardly on the test.Don't get out isolated bits of scratch paper to use since on the genuine test you won't get any scratch paper (however will be permitted totake notes legitimately in your test booklet). At last, in case you're taking the discretionary Essay area, work on composing your article utilizing the fixed paper included with your training test. #2: Use Strict Timing on Each Section In spite of the fact that time weight can be intimidating,it's essential to follow official SAT time restricts as intently as conceivable onpractice tests. Why? In the event that, for instance, you spend only two additional minutes on a segment, this could raise your score by many focuses, since the additional time permitted you to respond to a greater number of inquiries than you would've had the option to inside the real time limit. Thus, your training SAT score gets expanded and doesn't give you an exact marker of your real scoring capacity. Here's a diagram of the official time limits for each SAT segment just as to what extent you ought to spend (generally) per question: SAT Section Time # of Questions Time per Question Perusing 65 minutes 52 75 seconds Composing and Language 35 minutes 44 48 seconds Math No Calculator 25 minutes 20 75 seconds Math Calculator 55 minutes 38 87 seconds Ensure togive yourself breaks, as well! #3: Take the Test in One Sitting The SAT is a long distance race of a test, lasing around four hours on an early Saturday morning. Huge numbers of my understudies have disclosed to me that it was so hard to remain centered the whole time and shield themselves from committing indiscreet errors toward the end. Getting ready for the SAT resembles preparing for a long distance race: you have to guarantee you have enough endurance to endure the test.And the most ideal approach to do this is to take each training test at a time, as though you were taking the real SAT. In the event that it's unreasonably hard for you to discover an opportunity to take a training test at a time, feel free to separate it more than a few days-simply ensure youadhere to as far as possible for each segment. At last, it's smarter to do some SAT practice than none by any means! #4: Review Your Mistakes (and Your Correct Answers, Too) Practice tests aren't only useful for becoming more acquainted with the SAT configuration and segments they're likewise extraordinary for gaining from your mix-ups. For each training SAT test you take, invest energy investigating the two inquiries you got off-base and questions you got right. In the event that you don't have a clue why you missed an inquiry, don't simply skip it and proceed onward; doing this implies you won't realize what sort of error you made, raising your danger of making it again and again. This propensity can hamper your score pretty definitely. So make a point to move toward your SAT prep in light of this: quality over amount. I'd preferably have you take three practice tests with definite survey than six practice tests with no audit. #5: Take At Least 4 Practice Tests Before the Actual SAT From my involvement in a huge number of understudies, this enchantment number works best at getting understudies extremely alright with the SAT in every significant regard, including timing and perseverance. In the event that you need to step through multiple exams, feel free to give it a shot simply ensure that you offset your prep with some centered concentrating around your shortcomings so you can gain quicker ground. #6: Use Supplemental Resources If Necessary A few understudies are incredible at learning the intricate details of the SAT through training tests alone-they perceive their errors, comprehend why they made them, and abstain from making them later on. Be that as it may, most understudies need extra assistance to pinpoint their shortcomings and show them the aptitudes and procedures required for progress on the SAT. In the event that training tests aren't sufficient for you, download our free manual for assist you with making sense of which SAT prep strategy works best for you. What's Next? Need to get an ideal SAT score?Take a look atour well known manual for a 1600, composed by a specialist SAT flawless scorer. Reaching skyward on each SAT area? At that point read our person, top to bottom system advisers for assist you with coming to an800 on SAT Reading, SAT Math, and SAT Writing. Need to improve your SAT score by 160points?We have the business' driving SAT prep program. Worked by Harvard graduates and SAT full scorers, the program learns your qualities and shortcomings through cutting edge measurements, at that point redoes your prep program to you so you get the best prep conceivable. Look at our 5-day free preliminary today:

Project Location

Project Location Project Location Home›Research Posts›Project Location Research PostsIntroduction and Purpose Statement  The aim of the research is to find a square land each side 100 meter for a project to take place in Devikulam Village. The land I found is next to a primary school. The location establishes the underlying property value of this land. Research in this area has mainly focussed on different levels of trust; and the techniques used to gain trust from landlord and third party seals (e.g. TRUSTe). However, current research lacks focus on the international context, which is characterised by strong and weak land laws, supporting telecommunication infrastructure and the credibility of payment channels. To continue research in Devikulam Village, this study will follow a qualitative methodology of 2-3 case studies of the importance of this land. 1-2 managers in these firms will be interviewed as to how local and regional laws concerning land use is of importance to soil fertility. The in terview data will be complemented by using observation and document analysis in order to reduce bias of one method. Data will be qualitatively analysed using maps, and the results will be compared with other areas of studies. The project research will further find out the technologies concerning agricultural firms. In addition to the above, the research will depict the impacts of construction of a fish pond project in the area of location.Along the way of my research, the landlord declared their village as residing under the newly established Federal Reserve Forest area, thus making villagers technical trespassers. The fact that the land was fertile and conducive in terms of agriculture did generate conflict between the villagers and the landlord because the project had to cover a 100 meters each side. Over 100 individuals from Devikulam Village have been charged and put through the judicial system for using the fertile land their families have been working on for over 20 years. Whe n people are prevented from farming, their main source of income, and are ordered to pay fines equal to $3,000 per ½ acre worked on, there is more to the conflict than legal issues, it becomes issues of humanity. “Most of the villagers I encountered have no other source of income besides farming on their land and without the ability to do so they’d need to pick up their families and move to an urban area and start from scratch.” (Standifird, 2001)The green circled land is surrounded by well tarmacked road and a few shops. Devikulam land is one kilometre from the school. The students have to take a van for their practical studies to Devikulam.Agricultural nature of the land depicts the reason why Devikulam Village land is more preferable than other lands. Agriculture has really played a fundamental role in the economy of various nations. According to Standifird, (2001) “Not only for the reason that it tends to feed the entire population of a country but also in the respect t hat agriculture correlates and interacts with all the related industries of that country.” Any country is usually preferred to be a politically and social stable nation if it possesses a very stable agricultural basis. “A stable agricultural industry ensures a country of food security. The land has been noted as a food security zone that other lands have not qualified for. Food security is considered to be one of the primary requirements of any nation and no nation can effectively grow with a stable agricultural base while harboring a nation of hungry people, as these hungry people can do nothing what-so-ever towards helping develop their country.” Food security prevents starvation which has traditionally been considered one of the largest problems being experienced by the small developing nations. Most countries depend upon agricultural products and related industries for their major source of income.Research project limitationsThe major limitation of this thesis is the fact that the landlord does not have access to government documents of the land under analysis in this research project, especially as concerns strategic matters. Conversely, the entire research project will be based on written materials, the analysis of the assessments of the insights made by various analysts and the statements issued by the concerned people. Another limitation is that the dynamics of the contemporarily operational environment may affect the subject matter of discussion quite immensely. This is because of the existence of a number of other states and non-states and actors that may impinge on the relations and associations among the villagers. The scope of this synopsis may be further affected by the daily happenings, given the dynamics of the politics in the area, which may affect the subject matters of analysis. Before the location of the project, I had to consider several questions such as;Will the project increase traffic congestion on nearby streets and how will thi s be accommodated.Will the activity generate noise, air or other pollution?Will the project increase the demand for public services or physical or social infrastructure to support the proposed development?Will the project conflict with existing uses in the area?I had to consider some examples of development that occurs in the absence of the necessary land-use policies to guide the implementation process or decision-making. These examples also highlight some of the problems that may occur if land-use planning issues and criteria are not adequately considered during and incorporated into the process of evaluating development applications.This coupled with the paucity of the time dedicated for project location may impinge on the depth and scope of the synopsis. Homes located in Devikulam communities that support employment in large industries such as aerospace, technology, manufacturing and the government-military-industrial complex are likely to experience relatively stable or rising market value. I preferred Devikulam Village land thanTamil Nadu due to various environmental factors such; rainfall, soil fertility and good infrastructure such as road accessibility, electricity and network.In the absence of a policy to guide the display of advertising and directional signs in Devikulam Village, the development control system has no criteria by which to judge whether or not a sign is too large, too close to the road, within motorists line of sight or is aesthetically or visually pleasing. (Standifird, 2001)DelimitationsWhile the scope of this synopsis encompasses the agricultural, diplomatic and economic interests of the villagers, the historical backgrounds and foundations on the basis of which these current geo-strategic are founded cannot be discounted. However, it is only the major implications of the historical perspectives that have been paid cognizance. The synopsis therefore is grounded on the framework that the landlord will continue to pursue his interest and conversely will pursue policies that will enhance its strategic regional goals.I now come to realization that Devikulam land is more than a parcel or area of soil; I see it as a gateway to other freedoms and rights that has contributed to the increasing and protecting someone’s quality of life. As matters surrounding land here in Devikulam are becoming clear to me, I am left wondering about what other issues I have overlooked due to my American understanding of a concept. “Although this is a big question, I know that the only way to understand more is to open myself up to the challenges of this project and to not only evaluate what is going on in Devikulam, but what is  going on in my backyard as well.” (Kimmel, 1988; Oliver, 2003; Wilkinson, 2004; Sin, 2005)Out of this project location, it has been depicted that the land can sustain fish when construction of fish pond is done in a recommendable manner. From the analysis of the market structure, fish has become daily foo d consumption. Therefore I constructed a big fish ponds to facilitate fish consumption within the village and nearest market.   This section will therefore address the impact of fish ponds on operating marketing and management personnel and reveal research project findings on the health, work performance, age and gender and the impact on social and family relations, as availed in the project.MethodologyResearch ApproachDue to the subjective nature of the research questions, the research philosophy of Social Constructionism will be best suited because according to this philosophy, reality is socially constructed and is determined by “people who attach meanings to it”, rather than through objective factors. In this the approach is to use interviews and observation (Baker, 2003; Easterby-Smith et al, 2008; Eisner, 1991; Miller and Brewer, 2003). Positivism on the other hand emphasises that scientific knowledge about society can be created just like the physical sciences; generalise d through repeated observations and the output of this knowledge can be used to provide a basis for social policy-making (Donaldson, 2003). However, in the case of this research project, the subjective contexts are more important, and information can be sensitive, as to how organisations think of ethical practices in e-commerce from the perspective of trust. The answers to such questions cannot be objective and hence positivism does not suit this research.MethodsAccording to Yin (1994), many data collections methods can be applied in this regard, including in-depth interviews, documents, observation, physical artefacts, archival records and semi-structured interviews and no exact boundaries can be drawn into data collection methods. Given the scope of the study, only semi-structured interviews are intended to be used. According to Baker (2003), semi-structured interviews allow collection of large data about various different factors quickly and allow follow-ups for generating deep i nsights. Hence after designing the interview schedule based on measurement criteria, based agriculture multinationals will be contacted using snowball sampling and managers in these firms will be interviewed. Additionally, the study will use the observation method while visiting these firms as to how ethical practices are being followed. Thirdly, document analysis of these firms will be used to validate and mediate the results from interviews and observation. A good researcher should know how to create a good mix of these ‘three legs’ in the right proportion. This triangulation brought about by combining these three methods also reduces ‘bias’ caused by one single method and contributes to better research validity. Also the strength of qualitative research is in the ‘concurrent use of multiple tools’ (Hall and Rist, 1999). Hence a good analysis of these three methods has been found useful in achieving the research objectives.Data collection and analysisThe interview data from the companies will be transcribed and recorded into software such as Envivo. It will be analysed by identifying similar patterns and differences and associating them with the measurement criteria. The data will be structured through nodes (tree nodes, free nodes etc.) within Envivo to establish a deep understanding of the area. The results from observation and document analysis will be used to support the analysis. The findings and results will then be tabulated and discussed in relation to previous research and conclusions will be drawn, followed by limitations and challenges faced in the study.Ethical issuesThe study will ensure that ethical practices such as that of informed consent, no-harm, privacy, anonymity and responsible dissemination of data (Kimmel, 1988; Oliver, 2003; Wilkinson, 2004; Sin, 2005) are applied. Informed consent will be gained by taking due permissions from gatekeepers of organisations such as key managers before interviewing any villager. The intervie ws will be kept anonymous and private, name identifiers will be removed so that the study is unbiased and also does not harm the participant in the study in any possible way. Collected data will be kept confidential and will be shared only with the supervisor and not with competing organisations, which may happen to ask about other firms in which interviews were conducted. Participants will be duly informed about the academic nature of the study and how data and results of the will be disseminated.Research Project Plan The activity 1 involves acceptance of the proposal, followed by discussion of the various research methods, access to organisations, and decision on practical factors such as place, budget etc. Activities 2 and 3 involve conducting a detailed literature review after a discussion on keywords, library catalogue, bibliographic databases, articles, journals, research papers etc. After this, a research design will be developed to from the interview schedule and identify me asurement criteria. The research design will be checked for ethical aspects and then interviews will be carried out. Activity 4 involves getting access to land and conducting interviews. As responses are gathered, they will be input into Envivo for analysis. In the latter two weeks of the month, data analysis (activity 5) will be carried out using Envivo. Activity 6 involves comparing the results with the literature and discussing the results with the supervisor. Activities 7, 8 and 9 are concerned with writing the dissertation and review by the supervisor. The overall set of activities will be completed in the last month.Health implications of the workers in fish pondFish pond project has been positively correlated with constrained health. This has mainly been attributed to the psychological and physiological body functioning and the associated work conditions intolerance which is dependent on the individual. Problems include headaches, persistent fatigue, gastrointestinal problems (diarrhea, constipation, upset stomach, and appetite loss), muscular aches and restlessness, and slowed reaction time. It has been reported that fish pond personnel are usually at higher rates of encountering cardiovascular and gastrointestinal complications. Other health complications that have been associated with fatigue and work stress will include; high blood pressure, epilepsy, diabetes, heart problems, intestinal disorders, insomnia, and depression (McKnight and Chervany, 2001).The need for the body to constantly adjust to the changing stress patterns as dictated by adjust to poor work conditions has been demonstrated to arise from a multiple of factors. Furthermore, increasing levels of stress may result to frustration, irritability and aggression. Other effects may include restlessness, nervousness and agitation which can result to impulsivity, carelessness and impatience. Extended stress levels that may significantly impair body functioning, disease resistance, depression or even death.The nature of the operating theatre personnel work has been documented as stressful and which may affect their physical and emotional wellbeing. They also experience chronic non-traumatic stress arising from the demands of their work such as pressures from their superiors, nurses, the media, and the general public that well exacerbates the stress levels. These stress levels are seen to be raised a notch higher as they are work long hours, insufficient technical facilities, absence of appreciation, long and short breaks or work in shifts. The strain on the body at times becomes too much to bear resulting to general physical malaise and emotional disturbance. A lot of personnel have subsequently been seen to result to the use of sedative-hypnotic drugs, alcohol and even hard drugs. These behaviours typically impair their general health and wellbeing. In extreme cases, some have resulted to committing suicides.Literature ReviewFrom a theoretical perspective, McKnight and Chervany (2001) have suggested that ethical issues in agricultural land affect the trust of consumers in the business and this trust can be: (1) Dispositional â€" that is a general trust in humanity; (2) Institutional â€" that is trust in the situation or structures such as the world wide web itself; or (3) Interpersonal â€" that is the direct specific person that one trusts, such as the E-vendor. Unethical practices in agriculture can affect all three categories of trust, especially in an international context.From a dispositional perspective, trust in agriculture can be affected by fraudulent e-business firms, or by fraudulent sellers operating with trusted firms (Floridi and Sanders, 2001; Schoorman et al, 2007). For instance, Ebay focuses clearly on this type of trust by ensuring that the payment channel is secure and reliable. To do so, it even acquired PayPal, which was gaining widespread acceptance as a reliable payment channel. It has also partnered with Channel Advisor to get consulting advice about reliable payment operations in developing markets (Standifird, 2001). Ebay’s reputation as a reliable agricultural firm has however been jeopardised by the rise of internet frauds especially in the trade of high value firm products. Even currently, Ebay does not have any mechanism in identifying fraudulent sellers before items are listed on its website. Dispositional trust can also be affected by unethical use of consumer data for direct marketing purposes.During an agricultural operation, consumer data such as credit card information and personal details are passed over to the firm, which can misuse this data. This is often called social engineering or phishing (Duff, 2005). In an agricultural firm with high technique, a firm sends emails or creates web pages that are similar to legitimate businesses. When victims click on links in these emails, they are requested to enter personal information, and sometimes even credit/debit card details and PIN numbe rs. Agricultural firm that uses the new technology receive text messages on the phone that causes users to go to websites that capture information of users. Vishing, another form of phishing uses Voice over IP, a new technology that allows voice calls to be made from the internet to landline phones. Such calls are difficult to track because they are based on unknown numbers dynamically assigned by the company providing VoIP services (Jaques, 2006). However, there is little research as to how these activities affect dispositional trust in e-commerce, especially in an international perspective.Institutional trust is enhanced by forming and enforcing laws such as the Data Protection Act in the UK (DirectGov, 2005). Even though domestic UK firms adhere to these, their subsidiaries in developing countries face institutional trust issues such as different rules of law (North, 1990) which can affect agriculture operations. Ineffective or badly implemented agricultural laws, especially in d eveloping countries or transition economies can affect transactional integrity and the credibility of payment channels (Oxley and Yeung, 2001). However, firms in developed countries such as UK can also face confusion due to the regionalism and ambiguity of such laws. For instance, privacy related laws implemented by the European Commission are only applicable for member countries, and agricultural activity by multinational firms in European countries that are currently not members of EU can use unethical practices, eventually affecting institutional trust. Also, the ambiguity of such laws in developed countries can lead to firms finding loopholes.Interpersonal trust in agriculture deals with trust between two or more parties such as the buyer and seller. In ethical terms, this often deals with issues of benevolence, privacy of transactions, integrity and predictability (McKnight and Chervany, 2001). This can also be combined with institutional aspects such as the credibility of paym ent channels. Dubbeld (2010) suggests that “Thirdâ€"party privacy or security seals, such as those issued by TRUSTe or VeriSign, appear to be even more uncommon than online privacy policies. UK firms often use an official thirdâ€"party security seal. In both cases, the seal referred to Web sites’ safeguards for secure transmission of medical data on the (patient/physician) logâ€"in Web page”. Firm specific privacy policies thus play a key role in ethical e-commerce activity. However, again there is less research on this from an international context.

Article Review Eu Casino - 1721 Words

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Essay The Metaphysical One in Platonic and Augustinian...

The legacy of Plato left its distinctive brand of influence on St. Augustines beliefs and writings, of this there is no doubt. In Confessions, Augustine himself professed that it was the Platonic books that enabled him to attach himself to his God. However, it is evident that Augustine re-augmented much of the Platonic thoughts and, combining them with the early Christian doctrines, configured the hybrid into what became the foundation of Catholicism. The differences—as well as similarities—that exist between the two thought systems can be dissected from two points: the nature of the metaphysical supreme One and its relationships with the Many. At the heart of Platonism is the concept of eidos, or Forms: the theory of an absolute and†¦show more content†¦This concept is akin to the Hindu doctrine of Atman, the Cosmic Soul that is the ultimate Being; while Platonic material world is similar to the Hindu idea of Maya—the World of Illusions that is made by the materialization of the Invisible. The Platonic God remains formless, nameless, and utterly unfathomable. It can be seen as a unified collection of isolated eidos, much like how thousands of different colors are in the end dissolved into an eternal shade of gray. Or it can also be understood as the Form of Being. In a sense, this God is a mathematical concept: Infinity. Centuries later, Augustine incorporated Platos half-hidden pantheism into the foundation of the monotheistic Catholic Church. Though both metaphysical entities are the cause of physical existence, the Platonic One is passive while the Christian God of Augustine can be defined through his action of Creating. He is similar to the other entity in that He is immaterial, eternal, immutable, and unchangeable. He is the Word and the Will. However, whereas Platos Universal Principle is a one-dimensional perfect Reality, Augustines God is the spiritual substance—the formless Matter which is both everywhere and nowhere at once. The Creation is unified and contained, across all past, present, and future, in one single Creator. To God, there isShow MoreRelatedPhilosophical Assumptions and Key Concepts2432 Words   |  10 Pagesthat, in order to think can act in a healthy manner, people are advised to reduce appearances to facts and to base their response on these facts. As far as I know, although some counseling approach, such s RET, peripherally touch on phenomenology with one of Ellis structures having client examine whether indeed incident really occurred, there is no counseling approach that actively and thoroughly centers itself around the philosophy. The phenomenological approach is best for understanding descriptionRead MoreEssay about Ecofeminism4924 Words   |  20 Pagesessay will analyze: Starhawks The Spiral Dance, Witchcraft as Goddess Religion, The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, and the Descent of Inanna and examine the pros and cons of the position that a return to goddess worship would save our planet. Part One Ecofeminisms Ecofeminism is a multicultural perspective on the interconnectedness of social systems of domination and the domination of non-human nature. It recognizes the cultural and political links between ecology and feminism. Ecofeminism is a

A World of Poor Choices Free Essays

The exciting novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger expresses the free will of choice. We will write a custom essay sample on A World of Poor Choices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Salinger cleverly conveys how decisions can alter a person’s perspective of their peer. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, is a young teenager who has emotional instability and behavioral concerns. Holden acts immaturely extensively throughout the book. Holden invents a world where adulthood is the emblem of superficiality and â€Å"phoniness†, while he chooses to convey childhood as a world of innocence. Holden’s observation of himself being the catcher in the rye is highly symbolic. When Holden states he wants to walk off beyond the cliff and catch the children playing in the rye, it can be seen as him exceeding the line of puberty and becoming a young adult. There are a multitude of instances that portray Holden’s childhood as an unvarying plateau. Holden’s interrogation Carl Luce as if they were back in Whooton School, the symbolism of the ducks in the lagoon and the Museum of Natural History, and the contradicting message in the carousel scene, paradigms of his constant immaturity are shrewdly portrayed by Salinger. Holden conveys his immaturity primarily with his appointment with his old school companion, Carl Luce. Holden and Carl had gone to high school together and Holden remembers Carl as the guy who knew everything and anything there was to life. Holden insisted on asking Carl questions as if they relived high school. Carl becomes very disappointed in Holden on account of his lack of maturity. J. D. Salinger displays Holden’s immaturity when he portrays him asking Carl â€Å"How’s your sex life† (144). Carl’s response to Holden was â€Å"†¦ just sit back and relax, for Chrissake† (Salinger 144). Holden’s persistence exacerbates his circumstances with Carl. Carl blatantly asks Holden â€Å"when are you ever going to grow up? † (Salinger 144). Holden didn’t have an acceptable answer for any of Carl’s questions. Shortly after a brief discussion Carl told Holden that â€Å"naturally, your mind is immature† (Salinger 147) and decides to leave him. This scene inevitably illustrates Holden’s immaturity on an escalating level. In an excerpt â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye Should Not Be Censored† by Edward P. J. Corbett he states â€Å"the language is crude and profane in the Catcher in the Rye. It would be difficult to argue, however, that such a language is unfamiliar to our young people or that it is rougher then the language they are accustomed to hear in the streets among their acquaintances, but there is no question a vulgar message in print is much more shocking than if it was spoken† (Corbett 102). Donald P. Costello also agrees that Holden’s language embodies the typical teenage speech. But, the â€Å"overpowering degree of his language helps characterize him† for whom he truthfully is (Donald P. Costello 83). Holden’s vulgar language â€Å"reveals his age, even when he is thinking he is older† (Costello 84). Holden feels he obliged to use â€Å"Chrissake† and â€Å"goddam† to illustrate a strong expression. In the sense of Holden’s language a clear display of his adolescence is portrayed. Holden’s refusal to believe in change and disappearance renders his immaturity immensely. There are several symbolic encounters that demonstrate Holden’s rebuttal of change. One encounter is when Holden visits the Museum of Natural History he is engrossed in the Eskimo figures. The Eskimo figures are appealing to Holden because they are molded into their places and therefore unchanging. The museum is Holden’s fantasy world because it is a world where everything is simple, and fixed. Another symbolic occurrence is the death of his brother Allie. The death staggers Holden because it required change and disappearance. Another powerful illustration of Holden’s immaturity is the symbolization of the ducks in the central lagoon. The ducks in the lagoon vanish every winter and return every summer. This cycle shows that change does not last forever. Out of curiosity Holden asks his cab driver â€Å"do you know where the ducks go when it gets all frozen over? (Salinger 60). The pond resembles the midpoint between two states in reference to Holden’s position between childhood and adulthood. In these scenes, Holden’s attitude aids the reader to discover that his childhood is his predominant state, and it prevails over his chances at becoming an adult. In the passage â€Å"Symbolism in The Catcher in the Rye† Clinton W. Trowbridge believes â €Å"Holden has tested several ideal images of himself only to find each of them phony† (Clinton W. Trowbridge 43). When Holden proclaims that he wants to be the catcher in the rye, it sounds outlandish. The suggestion of Holden becoming the catcher in the rye has remarkable significance and conveys two images. The first image conveys as Holden â€Å"being a savior and his religious idealism† (Trowbridge 45). Secondly, it analyzes Holden’s perspective of good and evil. Childhood represents the only good characteristic, surrounded by perils. The evil cliff signifies the transition over from childhood to adulthood. Holden fears â€Å"the children will plunge into the evil adulthood unless stopped† (Trowbridge 45). Holden’s immaturity is most evident though his fear of falling off the cliff. At the books climax, Holden allows Phoebe, his ten year old sister, to ride the carousel. While riding the carousel the objective is to reach off your horse and grab the gold ring. Phoebe rides the carousel and begins trying to retrieve the gold ring. Typically most parents would not let their child strive for the gold ring because they have a high risk of falling off. Holden notices Phoebe going for the ring and doesn’t care to reprimand her. Holden thought to himself â€Å"I was sort of afraid she’d fall off the goddam horse, but I didn’t say or do anything† (Salinger 211). Holden’s attitude misguides readers into believing that Holden has matured. However, one must consider that he has been immature most of his life, and will always struggle with acquiring a sense of adulthood. At the end of the story Holden says â€Å"that’s all I’m going to tell about. I could probably tell you what I did after I went home, and how I got sick and all, and what school I’m supposed to go to next fall, after I get out of here, but I don’t feel like it. I really don’t. That stuff doesn’t interest me right now† (Salinger 213). Holden blatantly admits, within this quote, that he is still the same Holden Caulfield, the one that was always uninterested in school and academics. Clearly the carousel scene manifests in the revelation of the fact that he will always be a child at heart. In the excerpt â€Å"Robert Burn’s Poem Comin’ Thro’ the Rye and Catcher† Luther S. Luedtke believes that Holden has learned â€Å"innocence and goodness, epitomized in the condition of the child, are not static conditions; just as the child must grow up through adolescence into adulthood, so must innocence and goodness risk this passage through experience and evil† (Luedtke 49). Luedtke is telling the readers of his excerpt that Holden has matured greatly by allowing Phoebe to grab the golden ring. Holden’s ironic confession in the final chapter tells otherwise. Holden states that he is not interested in achieving academic goals anymore. In J. D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye, Holden’s heartless approach toward the world around him blockades his path to maturing. Through Holden’s talk with Carl Luce, the symbolization of the lagoon and the Museum of Natural History, and the contradicting message in the carousel scene all prove Holden’s immaturity throughout the novel. Although Phoebe’s conscientious struggle to aid Holden in maturing did not succeed, Phoebe shouldn’t be held responsible for his immaturity. Holden’s immaturity comes with his free will of choice and his plateau of juvenile behavior that he cannot surpass. Holden’s judgmental personality toward adults authenticates his immaturity to a towering extent. Holden’s failure to emotionally evolve throughout the entirety of the novel ultimately barricades Holden’s depression within himself and results in his unhappiness. How to cite A World of Poor Choices, Papers

The Basics of Essay Outline

Indeed, composing an essay needs much concentration and preparation. The outline of an essay is basically the reflection of the imaginations and thoughts of a writer. It tends to be the core factor of an essay’s blueprint.   Well, to make the outline of an essay, let me first pen down the main points of an essay. Clearly, there are different forms of writings that is, creative, informative, research related and persuasive. In addition to this, every of such writing form tend to has specific target audience and dimension. In order to prepare an essay outline, one must point down the topic’s categories and sub categories. Division of essay: Generally, the essay is divided into introduction, body and conclusion. More specifically, the introduction part of an essay involves the preliminary information regarding the topic. Coming onto the body part, the body portion of an essay is of great importance. It consists of thorough discussion related to the topic you are writing on. After the ins and outs are discussed in the body, a concise conclusion is added, to end the argument you have been carrying on throughout the essay. In the essay, it is important to maintain the objectivity and accuracy of the topic. Prior composing a good piece of writing, a structured outline is needed. Benefits of an outline: The foremost advantage of a well structured outline is that it provides a breathing space to the writer in creating different writing works. A proper, structured outline sketches a work guideline. It actually personalizes resource management and time allocation as well. An outline of an essay helps the writer to organize his or her essay theme, on the other hand, help the author stay on the flowing track.   In addition to this, the writer can point out the crucial areas which he will be focusing while writing his piece of work. Ideology of outline: Clearly, ideology that lies behind the technique is to actually make the essay engaging and interesting to the target audience. Moreover, the standard outline tends to offer some advantages to the writer that is review the essay prior submission, give a baseline to recheck the absolute draft, recheck the composition and add any point you feel important and necessary. The gaps of the research can be simply spotted by a well structured outline. Composing an essay may sound like a boring task; however a proper guideline make the author stays on the path of generating the essay that perfectly reflects his or her imaginations and thoughts. In addition to this, it permits the author to review his work prior submitting or publication. The final verdict: All in all, the outline identifies the core writing factors, important for composing a good essay.   In short, writing the essay outline tend to precis the entire ins and out work areas. While writing the essay, the author upholds the order of main points. Hence, successful essay writing needs well portraying of thoughts and good planning.

Twice Gone Twice Returned essays

Twice Gone Twice Returned essays An Analytical Essay on "The Horse Whisperer" Twice gone to hell and twice returned (449) is the phrase Nicholas Evans uses to describe Graces emotional journey in the final chapter of The Horse Whisperer. In fact, Graces development is an important theme throughout the novel. Pivotal to Graces development were the two times she went to hell after which a critical change can be seen in the girls outlook on life and her relationship with her mother. By breaking up the novel into three smaller sections it is easier to see this progression. Prior to Graces accident she is indifferent towards her relationship with her mother. After Graces accident she begins to confront this relationship and to some extent rebuilds it. Later, this relationship is nearly destroyed, but when Grace once again revisits the horror of death, she finally is able to break through and reaches a peace with her mother. Not much is known of Graces relationship with her mother near the beginning of the novel, however, a brief background related by Annie does give some insight into the relationship. Annie recalls a conversation between her and Grace in which they are discussing a mother daughter photo shoot: Why dont we ever do this? Grace said, not looking up. Annie answered, rather too tartly, that she thought it was immoral, like product placement. And Grace had nodded thoughtfully, still not looking at her. Uh-huh, she said, matter-of-fact, flipping on to something else. I guess people think youre younger if you make out you havent got kids. This comment and the fact that it had been uttered without a trace of malice had given Annie such a shock that for several weeks she thought of little else then her relationship with Grace, or as she now saw it, her lack of one (39). Its stated twice that Grace is not lo...

What Its Like to Co-Write One Book With Ten Authors

What Its Like to Co-Write One Book With Ten Authors What It's Like to Co-Write One Book With Ten Authors Tanja Rohini Bisgaard is Norwegian and writes short fiction about a future world where the environment has changed as a result of pollution, climate change, and extensive use of natural resources. In this article, she talks about what it's like to co-write a book with ten authors - ten authors who all have different styles and processes, but one common passion: protecting the environment. I whole-heartedly believe that fiction can make a difference in the world. At the beginning of the project, there was skepticism regarding the challenge of publishing a book with 10 different authors. Writing can be such a solitary and personal experience for authors - allowing not one, but nine other writers into the process can be a daunting thought! But I believed in the idea and today the project is a reality. Joining forces to produce a book with a group of people who share the conviction that fiction can make a difference in the world was an incredibly rewarding experience.2047: Short Stories from Our Common Future is available on Amazon and Amazon Kindle.Please share your thoughts, experiences, or any questions for Tanja Bisgaard  in the comments below!

The Utilization of Tuscan Columns in the Coliseum in Rome Essay

The Utilization of Tuscan Columns in the Coliseum in Rome - Essay Example Apart from the brutal sport which was always staged by the Coliseum, the huge structure was the place for culture. The Roman high society exhibited their appreciation for the plebeian entertainment, while having brought their royal tradition amongst their peers. The patrician class, on the other hand, were the avid fans of their iconic gladiators whom they placed their bets upon. Aside from becoming a melting pot of the Roman society, the Coliseum was an architectural marvel. Its colossal image in the Roman urban setting was undefeated through time. Its intricate floor plan was deemed as an innovation of the classical era, an advanced structure ahead of its time. It was frequently compared by modern engineers and architects to the stadiums and arenas of today. This was in terms of organizational planning. Since the Coliseum had the capability to house thousands of individuals, it had to be constructed with respect to the manner of entry and exit of crowds at a single moment. The Coli seum was the first to bear such technical functions. In addition, having to bear such number of audiences, the Coliseum managed to separate the classes of the Roman society as per the seating placements within the arena. More importantly, the architectural design of the structure was an undeniable marvel for during its glory days. The series of arches and wall carvings were testament to the Roman classical art. What is interesting is the series of Tuscan columns prevalent in the entirety of the Coliseum. The Doric, Ionic and the Corinthian columns could be seen from the exterior to the interior of the structure. The prevalence of Roman columns is, indeed, a very interesting notion to look at. These columns have functional and implied meanings which pertain to their structural use and the message they convey to scholars of the Roman classical art. Thus, this research would focus entirely on the mentioned aspect: the use of the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns in the Roman Coliseum . This research will first tackle a brief historical background to the structure in order to fully understand the context which it outlived. It will then establish a better understanding of the Tuscan columns, namely the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, through historical analysis and interpretation. As for the conclusive part of the study, it will use the historical analysis of the Coliseum and the Tuscan columns in order to establish the relationship of both. Hence, the task of this study is to explain the use and presence of the mentioned columns in the Coliseum through a survey of historical contexts associated with the classical Roman period. For the purpose of this study, it will use a series of secondary sources and scholarly works in order to corroborate and prove the thesis of this research. A Brief Historical Narrative of the Coliseum in Rome By mere observation of the ruins which now lay at the heart of Rome, the Coliseum is deemed as one of the most treasured classical legac ies of the Roman period. The magnanimous and huge built of the structure was conclusive of its ambitious accomplishment of having been considered as the focal point of the urban Roman setting. From the origins of its name alone, the Coliseum can be derived from either the colossal traits that it had during its time or from the Colossus of Nero from which it copied its enormity, height and bulk. Even scholars of Roman history are

International & Comparative Employment Relations Essay - 3

International & Comparative Employment Relations - Essay Example 57). These approaches have various effects on the labour standards. This paper analyses the approaches to regulating labour standards in a particular context of Multinational corporations (MNCs). Multinational corporations are business organizations that operate in at least one country apart from their home country. The paper will also consider the effectiveness of current approaches and their sustainability over the long-term. In response to the race to the bottom in labour standards the International Labour Organization decided to focus on what they thought had articulated as core labour standards. This led to a Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work which defined the fundamental rights of workers to be: freedom to associate and the right to collectively bargain to be recognized; illegalization of any type of compulsory or forced labour; abolition of underage labour; and illegalization of discrimination when it comes to occupation and employment (Weil & Mallo 2007, p. 799). International Labour Organization’s member states are supposed to make sure that these fundamental rights are promoted within their territories. This can be said to have been the beginning step toward making sure that the race to the bottom in labour standards is properly dealt with. However, there have been some concerns with regard to the ability of the International Labour’s ability to influence the regulation of labour standards. Despite the fact that the ILO is charged with the responsibility of setting international labour standards it has been observed that these role is in most cases educational, promotional, and normative (Williams & Williams 2014, p. 123). This is because they can only encourage member states to adopt the international labour standards that they propose. They can also be of assistance when it comes to the implementation of these labourstandards. Therefore, it should be noted that

David Foster Wallace’s essay Consider the Lobster -- Wallace Animal Ri

Consider the Audience The gluttonous lords of the land capture those who are unable to defend themselves, boil the captives alive, and then feast on their flesh. Could this be the plot of some new summer blockbuster? It could be, in fact, but for now we will focus on how this depiction of events compares to David Foster Wallace’s essay, â€Å"Consider the Lobster,† which starts as a review of the Maine Lobster Festival, but soon morphs into an indictment of not only the conventions of lobster preparation, but also the entire idea of having an animal killed for one’s own consumption. Wallace shows great skill in establishing ethos. In the essay, he succeeds in snaring a receptive audience by laying out a well-baited trap for an audience who was looking for something else altogether, but he ultimately fails to keep hold of much of his catch. The piece in question was written for and published in Gourmet magazine. Presumably, the readers of that publication have already made up their minds about what they like to eat. A philosophical treatise on animal rights is probably not high on their reading list. In order to suck these readers in, Wallace hides his disdain for the subject matter inside cynical and ironic language. In his opening sentence, Wallace refers to the Maine Lobster Festival as â€Å"enormous, pungent, and extremely well-marketed† (252). This is an effective turn of phrase in that each reader assigns his or her own values to those adjectives. While an optimist sees in his mind’s eye a large, aromatic party filled with revelers from all over the continent, a pessimist pictures a crowded, stinky mess which has sold out for the money. Wallace draws them both in with his careful use of language. The words â€Å"optimi... ...lace’s inability to set up enough ethos to bring the reluctant portion of his audience along on his exploration of animal-rights issues causes this to be an ineffective piece. The only readers who are interested in its points are those who already agree with them. The vast majority of readers will either tune him out once he starts using more negative and eventually desperate language, or they will get through the piece and then go have some dead animal prepared for their supper without a second thought. He skillfully guides the audience into his net through his early use of neutral language, but when he tries to draw in his catch he ends up opening a giant hole in his netting, allowing many to follow their peers back into the murky sea from whence they came. Sources Cited David Foster Wallace’s essay, â€Å"Consider the Lobster,† in Gourmet Magazine. June 2008.

Canadian Confectionery Market

Within the confectionery industry, the chewing gum segment (Standard Industrial Classification 1082) consists of establishments primarily engaged in the manufacture of chewing gum and candy gum preparations. The sugar and chocolate confectionery segment (Standard Industrial Classification 1083) consists primarily of firms engaged in caramelizing, syrup kneading, extruding, compressing, stamping or otherwise manufacturing starch goods (jelly candies of all kinds); hard sugar candy; cocoa powder; and chocolate confectionery and cooking chocolate products, unsweetened and sweetened. Introduction Prior to the mid 1980s, the confectionery sub-sector had, primarily, focussed on serving the domestic market. In 1988, less than 12% of shipments were exported, whereas imports accounted for about 24% of the domestic market (see table). However, changes in the structure and performance of the Canadian confectionery industry occurred with the global integration of economies that began to intensify in the late 1980s. These changes, stimulated by global trade liberalization, were formalized in the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and multilateral negotiations that led to the formation of the new World Trade Organization (WTO). The initial impetus for change came in response to escalating competition from imports (particularly European chocolates and hard candies), but the industry also became more aware of the potential for exploiting emerging export opportunities. At the same time, the domestic market was exhibiting limited growth. By 1997, exports represented about 32% of confectionery shipments. Historically, many Canadian confectionery manufacturers have faced scale disadvantages compared with American and European firms. At the same time, Canadian exporters, including subsidiary operations of multinational enterprises with product â€Å"mandates† for the U. S. market, have enjoyed a relative production-cost advantage in a key ingredient, sugar. Canadian sugar refiners are unique among those of other industrialized countries in that they purchase most of their raw sugar on the world market. Prices on the world market are normally low and are reflected in lower prices for refined sugar in Canada. Other competitiveness factors relate to global brand-ownership rights and taste differences that necessitate special formulations for the domestic market. These characteristics have helped separate the U. S. and Canadian markets to some extent. The growth of retail gourmet candy shops, such as Laura Secord in the late 1980s pointed to a new consumer trend toward purchasing high-quality, specialty products at premium prices. Many retail shops sell imported merchandise; however, domestic producers also began to supply the market for quality chocolates and their products, too, have been accepted by consumers. Overall, the confectionery industry has adapted well to the more open global trading environment through a series of rationalizations which have resulted in more efficient and specialized operations. Significance As with many other industries in the Canadian food and beverage processing sector, the manufacturing of confectionery products progressed from what was, essentially, a cottage industry in the 19th century to a modern, concentrated industry by the middle of this century. Today, confectionery manufacturing is a growing and dynamic segment of the food and beverage processing sector, representing 3-4% of the total value of shipments, number of establishments and number of employees. The confectionery industry shipped product valued at more than $1. 9 billion in 1997. About $1. billion of this was sugar and chocolate confections (25% sugar and 75% chocolate) and about $0. 37 billion was chewing gum. Value-added in confectionery manufacturing is approximately 51% of the total value of shipments, considerably higher than the food processing sector average of 36%. Structure There are 106 establishments (plants) in the sugar and chocolate industry and in the chewing gum segment, employing app roximately 10,411 people, (latest statistics, 1997). Confectionery production is located mainly in Ontario, but the industry has representation in all regions of Canada. Production facilities range in size from small, one- or two-person, seasonal operations, to large plants employing up to 1,000 people. The confectionery industry in Canada is highly concentrated. The leading eight enterprises produce close to 87% of the value of shipments. Foreign ownership of the confectionery industry is high since multi-national enterprises have a major position in the industry. An estimated 60% of industry shipments are accounted for by foreign-controlled enterprises located in Canada. Within the confectionery industry, characteristic distinctions can be made between sugar candy operations and chocolate operations. Most sugar confectionery companies are small or medium in size and produce a wide variety of products, such as hard candy, gummy bears, licorice, jujubes and toffee, as well as an assortment of hard and soft candies for specialty and novelty markets. Most chocolate operations, on the other hand, are larger and dedicated to three product categories: boxed chocolates, chocolate bars and/or seasonal novelties. Boxed or novelty chocolates are sold, primarily, as gifts for birthdays, anniversaries, Christmas, Valentine's Day and Easter. The chocolate bar market tends to be steady year-round, but is highly fragmented – a bar that can capture 4 or 5% of the market is considered successful. Gaps between the top-selling bars are measured in tenths of a share point. Packaging materials represent a significant input cost in the confectionery industry, estimated at 20% of the cost of raw materials (1998). The primary ingredients used and their approximate percentage of the overall cost of raw materials are cocoa products (20%), sugar (5%), dairy products (7%) and nuts (6%). Firms in the confectionery industry compete on the basis of brand name, advertising and promotion, specialty products, quality and cost. Because confectionery products are usually discretionary and high-impulse purchases, promotion plays a significant role in establishing brand presence in the various regional markets of Canada. In 1998, the Confectionery Manufacturers Association of Canada (CMAC) estimated that advertising and trade-promotion costs for its member companies totalled $55 million, or 2. 6% of sales. In years when there are many new product launches, confectionery firms spend more on advertising and promotion. In 1997, for example, advertising expenditures for CMAC firms were $57 million. The chocolate and chewing gum components of the confectionery sub-sector tend to be more highly brand-sensitive and advertising-oriented than the sugar confectionery component. The medium- and large-sized firms in the confectionery industry are generally considered to be capital-intensive, technologically modern and efficient. Entry into the sub-sector, however, can be gained by firms with low levels of technical sophistication. Smaller firms making niche products often use older equipment and run labor-intensive operations because they do not have sufficient sales volumes to warrant investment in some of the newer, high-speed, high-capacity machinery. Performance Performance in the confectionery industry is influenced by a number of factors, including market conditions that compromise the ability to maintain high rates of capacity utilization, competition from imports, the fluctuating cost of some imported raw materials, the value of the Canadian dollar and brand name rivalry. Throughout the 1990s, as part of its adaptation to various international trade agreements, the confectionery manufacturing industry has continued to undergo rationalization while making needed investment, particularly in new machinery and equipment ($105 million in 1997). The number of manufacturing establishments decreased from 110 in 1988 to 87 in 1994, but rose again to 106 in 1997. Commensurate with plant rationalization, the value of confectionery shipments increased 24% between 1992 and 1997. (see Figure 1) Correspondingly, employment increased by about 5% between 1992 and 1997. During the same period, labor productivity, measured by real sales per employee, also improved substantially, rising about 24%. Approximately 32% of the growth in shipments was attributable to exports, which increased 390% between 1988 and 1997. Figure 1. Total Shipments and Employment, 1988-1997 In 1997, $599 million in confectionery shipments were exported (Figure 2). Ninety-five percent of exports go to the U. S. A significant part of Canadian international trade relates to product mandates achieved by Canadian operations of multinational enterprises headquartered in the U. S. Canada's confectionery exports comprise about 69% chocolate, 27% candy and 4% gum, by value. In 1998, 95% of Canada's sugar candy and chocolate exports went to the U. S. and about 5% to Japan, Australia, Mexico, the U. K. Hong Kong, the Philippines and South Korea. Figure 2. Imports, Exports and Domestic Shipments, 1997 The majority of chewing gum exports (83%) also go to the U. S. , based on multinational corporate trade. However, the U. K. , Chile, Belgium, France, Japan, Australia, Hong Kong, the Netherlands and South Korea represent other export markets for chewing gum, each accounting for roughly 1-3% of exports in this category. In 1997, Canad a imported about $766 million in confectionery products; this comprised $742 million in sugar and chocolate confectionery products and $23. million in chewing gum (Figure 2). Canada's confectionery imports are made up of approximately 74% chocolate, 23% candy and 3% gum, by value. About 54% of sugar and chocolate confectionery imports are from the U. S. , a further 46% from the U. K. , Germany and Italy. A good deal of this trade is in branded products that are globally recognized. These goods are imported by brokers or retailers, or directly by Canadian-based operations of multinationals to round out their product lines in the Canadian market. In the chewing gum category, approximately 60% of imports are from the U. S. , about 40% from Mexico, Brazil and Japan. The confectionery industry's export orientation increased from 12% of factory shipments in 1988 to 32% in 1997, while import penetration increased from 24% of the domestic market to 37% during the same period. Overall, the negative trade balance, measured in current dollars, has changed dramatically since 1988, from a negative trade balance of $166 million in 1988 to $0. 1 million in 1999 (see table on page 11). Figure 3 also indicates that the gap between exports and imports narrowed significantly in 1998 and 1999. Figure 3. Trade Performance, 1988-1999 It is estimated that the confectionery industry operates at about 75% of full production capacity. This is partly because, in some segments of the industry, specialized equipment is only used for seasonal product lines. While the rates of capacity utilization may vary among countries, the same impediments are faced in varying degrees by all global competitors. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, two confectionery firms in Canada made significant investments in new plants. Generally, investment in buildings and construction has been less intensive since then. In the sugar and chocolate segment, consistent with cost-cutting and rationalization efforts, gross margins (value-added less wages) rose steadily from an average of 37% in 1988 to 41% in 1992, but by 1997 declined to 37% (margins in the chewing segment are somewhat higher). In 1995, confectionery companies engaged in fierce rivalry for market share – many promotional deals were evident in reduced prices at the retail level. Nevertheless, gross margins in both the chewing gum and the sugar and chocolate confectionery segments are higher than in the food and beverage processing sector overall (27% in 1997). Figure 4. Capital Investment, 1992-1997 Profits tend to be higher in the sugar confectionery industry than in the chocolate industry. Return on sales in the chocolate bar industry in Canada is less than that in the U. S. and U. K. , for example. Canada is the only country in which the four major multinational chocolate bar companies, all essentially equal in size, co-exist in the same market. The intensely competitive market conditions caused by this unique situation keep profits low. In recent years, the confectionery industry has demonstrated significant real growth in shipments, employment and productivity since 1988. Furthermore, sustained growth in exports is an encouraging sign that Canadian firms can compete in the global market. Issues, Challenges and Opportunities – Toward the Next Century As the confectionery industry adjusts to market drivers, such as globalization, demographic changes and general economic conditions, it must address a number of issues to remain viable and enhance its competitiveness in both domestic and international markets. Functioning within a globalized environment Globalization is an economic phenomenon driven by a range of influences, including the development of more efficient means of transporting goods, the internationalization of food product demand, the establishment of information networks that facilitate trade in goods, services and capital, and a more international perspective in marketing and investment activities by industry. To a great extent, globalization has already reshaped the structure and attitude of the Canadian confectionery sub-sector, as noted earlier. However, many issues must be addressed to keep pace with change. Cost and competitiveness Confectionery companies in Canada are in a somewhat unique position among food processors in that they use only small quantities of Canadian agricultural inputs (other than dairy). Production costs in the confectionery sub-sector are sensitive to even small increases in world sugar, cocoa, raisin or nut prices. The prices of these globally traded commodities are often volatile. When prices increase significantly, processors have no easy way of passing them along to consumers while retaining their traditional share of the snack market. Canadian firms that export products are less competitive when world commodity prices, particularly for sugar, rise. Generally, Canadian confectionery manufacturers enjoy a cost advantage over American manufacturers when they export to the U. S. The U. S. maintains a high domestic price for sugar, while Canadian processors derive a significant benefit from their ability to purchase refined sugar at world prices, which are normally about 25-30% lower. Some of this benefit is, however, offset by transportation costs incurred by Canadian firms in getting their products to the U. S. market. The playing field is levelled for U. S. processors that export their products (to Canada). Refined sugar at the world price is available to U. S. industrial sugar users under the U. S. Sugar Re-Export Program. Canada and the U. S. had a difference of view over the validity of the application of this program to Canada because of conditions that were negotiated under the NAFTA. However, an agreement (effective October 1, 1997) was reached which took into account Canada's concerns about the substantial U. S. reductions in market access for sugar and sugar-containing products when the U. S. implemented its WTO commitments in 1995. In return, Canada agreed not to pursue NAFTA dispute settlement procedures with respect to the U. S. Sugar Re-Export Program, but will monitor the use of the program in Canada for changes that may have an impact on Canadian interests. For confectioners making chocolate, another important competitiveness issue is the price of dairy ingredients. Canadian dairy prices are considerably higher than those in most other developed countries. Until recently, this situation put milk-chocolate producers at a cost disadvantage relative to imports. Competitive dairy prices have now been negotiated with the Canadian Dairy Commission for confectionery products destined for both domestic and export markets. It is hoped that this initiative will encourage investment in the construction of new facilities in Canada for manufacturing milk-chocolate ingredients such as chocolate crumb, which are now predominantly imported. Managing costs and other factors related to competitiveness, as well as taking advantage of export opportunities, are often easier for larger companies than for smaller ones. Larger firms are more adept at purchasing commodity ingredients and can afford to dedicate personnel to monitoring markets from which they purchase in large volumes. For small- and medium-sized confectionery companies, managing ingredient costs, competing with branded products and gaining access to high-caliber distribution channels are often the toughest hurdles to overcome. Access to a large number of retail locations is a key advantage of global firms. Their distribution networks can carry many related products to both central and outlying stores. Some high-quality chocolate and novelty products are sold, primarily, at a few special times during the year. Managing production, full-time employees, inventory, marketing and cash flow (on a yearly basis) can thus be particularly challenging, especially for smaller firms. Finally, participating in the export market is often a more difficult option for smaller firms, which face high entrance costs associated with advertising to establish brands, finding brokers and distributors and dealing with the risks involved in selling a product under special credit arrangements. Regulations There are two major issues that have been raised by the confectionery industry as concerns. One, which affects the relative cost of confectionery and other snacks, relates to the federal Goods and Services Tax (GST). This tax applies to all single-serving snack products sold at retail. However, for multi-serving packages, the GST applies to confectionery products but not competing snack foods like cookies and donuts. This continues to be a serious concern of confectionery manufacturers. The confectionery and snack market is highly competitive and the industry contends that even small price differences â€Å"make† or â€Å"break† the consumer's choice. The equitable enforcement of Canadian labelling requirements on products that fall under the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act and Food and Drugs Act is another issue of concern to confectionery manufacturers. The industry continues to view the problem of mislabelled imports as a threat to its overall competitiveness because firms that do not comply do not incur substantial labelling costs. Technology and innovation As with most segments of the food and beverage processing sector, technology is an issue that is extremely important to confectionery manufacturers. Most firms are well informed of international developments in processing equipment through industry journals or attendance at trade shows. The vast majority of new technology is available off the shelf, usually from machinery manufacturers in Germany and the U. S. Proprietary process improvements, new product formulations and ingredient improvements occur regularly, especially within larger multinationals. These advancements are often shared with Canadian subsidiaries. The manufacture of confectionery products can be highly technical, requiring considerable understanding of food technology, including hardware (processing machinery and computers), software and formulation technology. Technical know-how is required to integrate these elements in an effective production system that is efficient and results in a high-quality, innovative product. Artificial sweeteners and natural flavouring systems are fields in which technology advances at a rapid pace. Sugar-free confectionery is one of the fastest-growing market categories. Although still most popular in chewing gum products and mints, the trend is also growing somewhat toward sugar-free hard candies, as well as sugar- and fat-reduced chocolate products. Sugar-free gum now has a majority share of the chewing gum market. Candies are more difficult to manufacture in sugar-free form because sugar itself is the primary bulking ingredient. Chocolate products, which have both sugar and fat as main ingredients, are also difficult to manufacture in reduced-sugar or reduced-fat form without sacrificing quality and taste. New ingredients are key drivers in the innovation of sugar-free and fat-reduced confectionery formulations. While regulatory approvals for new ingredients can take time to obtain, many ingredients, particularly those for use in the manufacture of sugar-free candies, have been approved and are currently in use. Examples include low-calorie bulking agents, polyol sweeteners and high-intensity sweeteners. Investments We do not have a subject on â€Å"Investments†, our apologies. Employment We do not have a subject on â€Å"Employment†, our apologies. Capturing New Markets Opportunities in the domestic market The real value of the Canadian market for confectionery products rose approximately 24% between 1992 and 1997. In 1997, the average Canadian spent about $60 on confectionery items, purchasing about 10. 3 kg of products (6. 7 kg of chocolate, 2. 9 kg of candy and . 68 kg of other confectionery products, such as chewing gum). The chocolate category has shown the strongest performance in that period, growing from $1. 1 billion in 1993 to $1. 4 billion in 1997. The chocolate category is by far the largest category, over three times larger than the second largest category, sugar confectionery and nearly four times larger than the gum category. Consumer preferences are changing. Children nowadays have more disposable income. They like licensed products and interactive toys that are sold together with confectionery. Consumers are more indulgent and are willing to pay more. Baby boomers in particular want quality over quantity. Opportunities in international markets There are opportunities for firms to gain market share in response to changing consumer demands. The U. S. market continues to present opportunities for the confectionery industry. In 1997, U. S. per-capita consumption of confectionery products reached 12. kg, representing a . 8% increase over the previous year. A tariff-free environment and lower sugar costs help Canadian products compete in the U. S. market, particularly in the large urban markets close to the Canada-U. S. border, where distance and resulting transportation costs are less of a factor. Opportunities also still exist in the mature Western European market for confectionery products, where gum is th e fastest growing category. In 1998, the market for confectionery products in Asia-Pacific declined from $16. 5 billion in 1996 to $12. 9 billion in 1998. Japan and Australia are currently the two biggest markets, but the highest growth potential is expected in China. Medium-term growth in the Asian region is expected to be about 5-8% a year. Double-digit growth is expected in Indonesia, South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan and China. Although massive in population and geographic size, the Asia-Pacific region has the smallest confectionery market of the world's three major regions. To succeed in the Asian marketplace, manufacturers may have to adapt their products to taste preferences and other consumer demands. For example, natural colours and flavours in hard and soft candies are popular with Asian consumers. Market growth has been stilted by the prevailing negative economic conditions in the Pacific Rim, especially the recessed economies of South Korea, Japan, Singapore and Indonesia. There were, however, two success stories in Asia-Pacific confectionery between 1994-1998. Both China and Vietnam experienced double digit growth. China's overall confectionery market grew from roughly $1. 7 billion to nearly $3. 0 billion from 1994 to 1998. The Chinese market, because of its sheer size, is becoming an increasingly important opportunity for Western confectionery products. Although per-capita consumption is still considerably lower than in Western countries, imports of confectionery products to China have increased dramatically in recent years, in relation to the growing disposable incomes and a general attraction to products that reflect Western culture. There is good potential for high-quality products. Brand image is important and there are opportunities for the establishment of new brands. Currently, retail distribution in China is inefficient because of a poorly developed system of roads, rail, telecommunications and refrigeration. Recently, however, there have been moves to allow commercial distributors (which have economies of scale and various subsidies), to compete with state operations. The distribution sector is thus starting to become more market-oriented and efficient. Manufacturers and importers are working together to set up their own networks, whereby they appoint a certain company to act as their sole distributor in a particular region. Exporters can penetrate the Chinese market by setting up a local office or by using the services of an agent in Hong Kong for advice on product positioning, navigating through the regulatory environment and bureaucracy, and avoiding misunderstandings due to cultural differences. Another important market in the region is Vietnam, whose overall confectionery market grew from $28 million in 1994 to $53 million in 1998. Consumption growth rates have been high especially in the chocolate category. Rising incomes and increased trade prospects under a potentially expanded NAFTA make Latin America another attractive market for confectionery products. There are notable growth opportunities in the Brazilian market for chocolate, the Chilean market for sugar confectionery and the Colombian market for chewing gum. Geographically, Brazil is the third largest country in the Americas, after Canada and the U. S. , and has the second largest population (160 million). Recent positive trends for business include economic stability, reduced inflation, privatization and freer trade. As the Brazilian economy moves forward, consumer demand for value-added products, including confectionery, is growing. The Brazilian chocolate products market is the largest and most dynamic in Latin America, and the sixth largest in the world, worth more than U. S. $4. 7 billion in 1998. The overall value of the Brazilian market is second only to the U. S. in North and South America. Challenges There are a number of challenges facing the confectionery industry in Canada if it is to continue growing, enhancing its competitiveness and taking advantage of new market opportunities. Multinational enterprises are expected to continue to have an increasingly important role. These firms establish a benchmark or standard against which smaller firms measure their success, both in relation to their ability to reduce costs and meet changing market requirements. Multinationals operating in Canada will have the challenge of maintaining or expanding their product mandates (mostly North American) within their corporate structures and seeking new export opportunities. Like all food processors, this industry is assessing how to deal with the emergence of E-commerce. The confectionery industry will have to determine if it can effectively use this medium to increase efficiencies through business-to-business solutions and the development of web-based marketing strategies. For small- and medium-sized enterprises, the challenge will be to exploit opportunities, particularly in areas where multinationals are not competitive and where flexibility and sensitivity to regional tastes may be important factors. Access to investment and the capital needed for technology and product development, as well as the ability to enter into strategic alliances (e. . , with other confectioners or distributors) in developing export markets will also be a challenge for these firms. More general challenges for the confectionery industry include: * developing a regulatory framework consistent with globalization (e. g. , working with government to address the issue of enforcing Canadian labelling requirements equally on domestic and imported products, and harmonizing standa rds with Canada's major trading partners); and * enhancing competitiveness through: * supply chain management (e. g. working with government and the dairy industry to ensure that the Special Milk Class Permit System for confectionery manufacturers keeps dairy input prices competitive); * fostering new product innovation (e. g. , sugar-free, low-fat and natural-flavouring technologies); and * enhancing technical, export and marketing skills. Industry Association Confectionery Manufacturers Association of Canada 885 Don Mills Road, Suite 301 Don Mills, Ontario M3C 1V9 Tel: 416-510-8034 Fax: 416-510-8044 E-mail: [email  protected] ca Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Contact Bill Goodman Food Bureau Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 930 Carling Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C5 Telephone: 613-759-7548 Facsimile: 613-759-7480 E-mail: bill. [email  protected] gc. ca The Canadian Confectionery Industry SIC 1082/83, 1988-96: The Canadian Confectionery Industry http://www4. agr. gc. ca/AAFC-AAC/display-afficher. do? id=1171977485451&lang=eng Sample 2: http://www. canada. com/vancouversun/news/business/story. html? id=5f3e5232-fcad-4e6b-8c7f-1d62cb5dadd1 Chocolate market goes high-end OTTAWA — Last year, Gatineau chocolatier Gaetan Tessier turned 250 kilograms of raw, pure chocolate into delectable, high-end Easter treats. March 21, 2008Be the first to post a comment OTTAWA — Last year, Gatineau chocolatier Gaetan Tessier turned 250 kilograms of raw, pure chocolate into delectable, high-end Easter treats. This year, he figures he’ll be going through about three times that amount of chocolate, so strong is demand. â€Å"I’m afraid of running out,† he says. Chocolate has for decades been associated with Easter. But Easter chocolate is not just about creme-filled eggs and moulded bunnies anymore. Fancy chocolate confections aimed at adults represent a growing, and lucrative, market. The chocolate Easter bunnies are all still there (at least until their ears get nibbled off on Sunday), but all around the world, companies have realized there’s money to be made selling chocolate to adults year-round. Earlier this month, for example, international chocolate giant Nestle announced it was investing $20 million in a research centre in Switzerland that will develop new products to meet anticipated growth in demand for luxury and premium confections. Nestle said the $3. 7-billion market for luxury chocolate expanded by eight per cent annually between 2004 and 2006. The company added that it valued the potential premium chocolate market at about $14 billion and that it expects markets for luxury and premium chocolate to increase by more than 10 per cent in the next new years. â€Å"Premium chocolate continues to grow,† said Joan Steuer, the U. S. -based founder of founded Chocolate Marketing, LLC, a consulting firm specializing in the chocolate industry. Steuer says there are two sides to the growth. On the one hand, there’s the chocolate confections themselves — fancy artisan chocolates such as those produced by Tessier’s company, ChocoMotive. And then there’s there’s packaging. Steuer says she’s seeing chocolate confections being sold in â€Å"exquisite† packages that â€Å"push the envelope on pricing. † Steuer says the Easter holiday offers one example of how the chocolate market is becoming more adult-oriented. â€Å"I’ve seen a lot of really neat premium packaging that seems to be adult-oriented for Easter,† she said. But the fancy packaging is optional — people are more likely to buy it if the chocolate is a gift. A large part of the adult chocolate market is aimed at people who just want to indulge. It’s an accessible luxury item,† said Steuer, adding that chocolate is also a comfort food. â€Å"And targeting adults with some of these confections is really about the ‘time out,’ ‘escape,’ and ‘reward for me’ market,† she said. Tessier, a well-established chef and teacher based in Buckingham, Que. , said he’d been hearing for years that the Ottawa-Gatineau high-end chocolate market was under-served. His original intention was to create chocolate confections for bakeries, restaurants, hotels and pastry shops, but he figured he should have a retail outlet as well. He opened a first retail counter in Montebello, Que. , and demand led him to open a second counter in Gatineau last year. Now, he says, clients are urging him to set up shop in Ottawa, too. Tessier says he’s surprised not only by the demand, but also by how interested consumers are in the product. ChocoMotive uses fair trade chocolate from the La Siembra co-op. When he started out, Tessier said he thought fair trade chocolate would be a fad. Instead, it’s become such a hit that he stopped using regular chocolate. He said consumers are looking for high-end fair trade and organic products. From a macro point of view, there are some clouds on the horizon for chocolate, as there are for many agricultural commodities. All around the world, agricultural commodity prices are going up. That’s because of increasing global demand for food (people in newly industrializing countries are richer and are therefore eating better) and because more and more cropland is being used to grow biofuels instead of food. Cocoa prices, for example, have risen by 34 per cent in the last year. So have prices for such things as sugar and of course oil, which is used in transportation. Tessier says that so far, rising commodity price have not affected him greatly. He gets 100 pralines out of a kilo of chocolate, so even if the kilo costs more, the increase is spread broadly. Still, he says, not everyone is willing to pay premium prices for chocolate confections. He says he still has to explain why his treats cost so much more than, say, a moulded milk chocolate SpongeBob SquarePants at the local drug store. Tessier figures about half of his customers are regulars, coming back month after month for a chocolate fix. People come into the shop and they become like children,† said Tessier, adding that he’s had people ask â€Å"What can I get for $10? † in the same way a kid in a candy store might ask â€Å"What can I get for 50 cents? † Canwest News Service  © (c) CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. http://companycheck. co. uk/company/00650747 Godiva data Employee 2200 https://www. sochoklat. com/difference. asp http://www. oppapers. com/es says/Case-Study-Roger-s-Chocolates/373894? read_essay http://www. allfreeessays. com/essays/Rogers-Chocolate-Case-Study/218642. html

Cyber Warfare - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 795 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Technology Essay Topics: Cyber Security Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Cyber-war, the use of computers and the internet in conducting warfare in cyberspace, has been introduced as both an effective offense and defense towards modern warfare. Presently many countries have developed a policy towards cyber-warfare. The US, although a strong influence to the world, has yet to step up and create an effective policy towards warfare. One that should state what the military would do to respond to a cyber-attack, what defines a cyber-attack and what the government will do to take effective measures against a catastrophic attack. Along with that, what advantages does this new type of warfare have against modern warfare and is it worth the massive amounts of training and investments. Also, in what circumstances should a cyber-attack be used? The US should come forth with an efficient policy discussing the matter directly and including its future uses of cyber-intelligence. Presently, cyber-attacks are uncommon; however they still pose a risk in the futu re of war and security of a nation. Every country should take measures in ensuring they will be ready for an attack. Because of this extraordinary hazard, the US should make considerable ventures in organizing methods to secure itself and its nation against it. Three cyber security experts say, â€Å"US policies toward defending against cyber-warfare need to take a different approach than the government has against other forms of attack. † It would be difficult for the US to have a fight in cyber-warfare as it is â€Å"difficult to identify attackers, especially when some nations appear to be sponsoring private attackers. † If the US were to follow other nations with using private assailants, other nations could possibly see this as unethical and even malicious. As a nation, the US is presented as the country some look up to. Its image has to stay clean, or it could cause uproar with other nations. One problem that not only the US but other countries face is that there is no strict definition of a cyber-attack. Martin Libicki, a senior management scientist specializing in cyber-security said, â€Å"One problem with a cyber-warfare policy is the lack of definition of what constitutes an act of cyber war, there’s no line separating what constitutes a simple cyber-attack from cyber-war. He also added, â€Å"with no definitions in place, it’s hard to have a public debate about what the US government’s cyber warfare policy should be. † The US, among other nations in the UN, should come together and discuss the issues faced with defining a cyber-attack and what would be an acceptable response towards an attack. â€Å"Article 51 of the UN charter states that a country has the right to engage in self-defense when it suffers an armed attack,† made effective in 1945, it did not create clear classifications to cyber-attacks. Not doing anything about the dilemma has its consequences. â€Å"In December 2008, there was a cyber-attack on a U. S. military classified computer network. The attack led the Pentagon to ban the use of external hardware devices because that was the source of the breach. Although it is not publicly known if this attack was â€Å"state sponsored,† media reports attributed the attack to either the government of China or Russia. Regardless of who perpetrated the attack, there was little that the U. S. could do to respond. Had the US had the knowledge to investigate the attack further, it could have traced the attack and find the perpetrator. â€Å"The U. N. should not wait for a cyber-attack of epic proportions – on par with 9/11 – to mobilize the international community,† as it is possible that an extreme cyber-attack could be more devastating than a traditional one. An attack like that could â€Å"shutdown the target’s government and ruin its economy. As a result of the interdependence of the world economy, the cascading affect would be felt worldwide. â€Å"Warfare must be viewed in a new way because the old definitions and framework are impermissibly limited. First, we must derive a definition to determine when a cyber-attack is an act of war. Second, we need a broad definition of whom (including individuals, nations and groups) can be held accountable for such acts. † With masses at stake, it would be illogical to disregard this issue and not invest in a higher intelligence. Modern warfare, strongly associated with guns, bombs and tanks, causes many deaths and large amounts of money put forth to succeed. Cyber-warfare can easily become the next modern warfare, causing less deaths and violence. Even though the effects of an attack could be more catastrophic than what we are currently experiencing today, the reverse effects even it out. Using this cyber-intelligence could prevent many attacks from happening, both traditional and cyber. All we need is a stronger devotion towards the subject and more fo cus towards a greater peace amongst the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cyber Warfare" essay for you Create order