Liberal Democratic Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Liberal Democratic Tradition - Essay Example From these principles, other elements of freedom include individualism, egalitarianism, universalism and meliorism. The presentation was positioned in the minds of the people that it gives a detailed point of liberation. Liberalism is being steered by certain themes such as not allowing the government to take control of people’s life (Buchanan 2008). A good number of Liberals believe that one is entitled to his/her opinions and thoughts. A rebel will agree with a woman who wants to abort. Liberals have support for every woman who is deemed free to choose what is good or bad for her. When it comes to love issues, most Liberals are not bothered with same-sex marriage. Liberals in America believe that every gay or straight is entitled to choose whom to love and marry. There is no boundary when it comes to the issues of the heart. It is clear for every liberal that everyone in society is free to believe in his or her religion. Individuals can believe in what their religion prescribes them to do (Mower, 2012). One can decide to worship throughout the week or even once per week depending on how they want it. If once decides to follow no religion its right for him/her. Religion should be kept private among individuals and that prayer should not interrupt other people (Barry 2009). Liberals believe that whether rich or poor everyone is subjected to equality. Economic conditions should not favor the privileged members of the society. Every member of the community is subjected to equal rights, Resources should be distributed amongst people equally without discrimination of age, race and gender. While individualism is a valid element egalitarianism, meliorism are primary fundamentals of liberalism. As promoted by classical liberalism, egalitarianism defines the equal opportunity everyone is entitled to. This will also comprise legal and political equality. Experts in the

The Impact of ICT in the Local Community Essay Example for Free

The Impact of ICT in the Local Community Essay Redbridge The London borough of Redbridge is located in greater London. It has a good supply of technology and transport but all of this was possible because of ICT. Without ICT there would not have been an attraction of tourism and business. It now has a wider population than it did before and by day is improving. In this assignment I shall explain a variety of technologies and the uses they brought into the community. I will evaluate the effectiveness of the ICT in meeting the needs of the community. Oyster cards Oyster cards are electronic tickets used on Transport of London and national rail services. The card contains a unique code which the computer detects once you swipe it on an oyster card surface. Oyster cards are widely used in Redbridge. They bring in more tourists and travellers to Redbridge. The oyster card contains an electronic chip which is also used in Malaysia on their Touch n go cards. The advantages of the oyster card are, it is easier to use, can hold up to three ticket products at the same time, to prevent misuse the card must be swiped in the beginning of a journey and at the end of a journey. It also can store up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 90. The disadvantage of the oyster card is that it is only available in greater London and not in any other part of Great Britain. Also some oyester cards can be stolen and can be misused. Mobile phones A mobile phone is a portable electronic device for peer-to-peer telecommunications over long distances. Mobile phones are very widespread in Redbridge and have helped people telecommunicate in times of need. Whenever there is an emergency, people dont have to go to a phone booth to call someone because they can always reach into their pocket where they shall find a mobile phone. I can Mobile phones are found entertaining as well as useful because they have games, puzzles, video calling, movies, ring tones and some of them have access to the internet. All these things can fit into a mobile phone because of the large storage capacity it has. A mobile phone is a little like an organizer because it has a calendar to remind people of important dates like a meeting or special occasion and tells time. It also has an alarm clock to wake me up in the morning The disadvantages of a mobile phone are that sometimes the network will not work properly and others will not be able to hear the caller on the other line, it also makes funny noises at times. Another problem is that the mobile phone may freeze or crash suddenly which is bad because if someone is in a bad situation, then they could be in great danger. Some times the phone does not have enough storage and will ask you to delete a few items. Mobile phones have brought great uses to the community as we can all now interact with each other and stay in touch. Electronic article surveillance (EAS) In Redbridge there are many places to shop the most common is the Exchange. To keep safety levels up security alarms are used like EAS. Electronic article surveillance is a technological method for preventing shoplifting from retail stores or pilferage of books from libraries. Special tags are fixed to merchandise or books. These tags are removed or deactivated by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. At the exits of the store, a detection system sounds an alarm or otherwise alerts the staff when it senses active tags. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance#Types_of_EAS Electronic tags are of 4 types * Magnetic * Acousto-magnetic * Radio frequency * Microwave The advantages of EAS are that it prevents things from getting stolen and if a shoplifter tries to steal an item then they may be caught. This system will lower the levels of shoplifting in the community and will make people within Redbridge feel safe. The disadvantages of EAS are that sometimes false alarms may go of which can be very embarrassing for the customer especially when they are honest. It is also embarrassing for the business as they now have a very upset customer. These false alarms usually go of because the tag has not been deactivated properly. Also some shoplifters may be able to take the tag of which can bring a loss to the company. These tags are also very expensive to buy and can result into being a loss for small businesses. Automated teller machine (ATM An automated teller machine (ATM) is an unmanned automated telecommunications device which provides a customer with financial transactions in public space. On most ATMs a customer is recognized when a plastic card with a metal strip or a smartcard with a chip is inserted in an ATM, the card contains a unique code which only belongs to the card holder. The cardholder then needs to enter a personal identification number (PIN) for security reasons. The ATM gives customers access to their bank account. Using the ATM customers can check out their bank balances, deposit cash or cheques, pay bills, transfer money between bank accounts and buy goods or services. The advantages of ATMs are that instead of walking a long way to the bank we can access an ATM. In the Exchange mall there are many ATMs which is very useful because it is time efficient. Another great thing about ATMS are that everybody has a unique code which means there wont be any mix up. To make sure that ATMs are reliable they undergo a very expensive test. The disadvantages of ATMs are that thieves can use chemicals to break them apart and take all the money out. They can also cause damage to the ATM, this result into a loss for the company. The first known instance of a fake ATM was installed at a shopping mall in Manchester, Connecticut in 1993. By modifying the inner workings of a Fujitsu model 7020 ATM, a criminal gang known as The Bucklands Boys were able to steal information from cards inserted into the machine by customers. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.05/atm_pr.html This incident goes against the Computer Misuse Act (1998). Overall I think that ICT has very much helped fulfill the needs of the community and has made Redbridge a much better borough to live in. It has benefited the community in many ways and has made Redbridge quite popular. Without ICT we would not have as many facilities we have now.

Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity

Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity Venessa Daly Objectives: To determine the effect enzyme concentration has on catalase activity To study the effect substrate concentration has on the rate of catalase activity To establish the effect temperature has on the activity of catalase Introduction: Enzymes control almost all cellular reactions. Enzymes are large globular proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. A catalyst reduces the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur, thus affects the reaction rate. Enzymes are very sensitive, they are affected by temperature and pH. Enzymes work as catalysts by combining with a substrate at the active site to form the enzyme-substrate complex, this then breaks down to release the enzyme and the product. Enzymes are shape specific, which means only substrate molecules with the corresponding shape will combine with the enzyme. This is known as the Lock and Key theory. So, because of this many different enzymes can be present in a cell, acting at the same time but not affecting each other. Enzymes are recovered unchanged from reactions so they can be reused again and again. Eventually, the effectiveness of the enzyme decreases over time and must be replaced.   Enzyme activity can be measured by: measuring the rate of formation of a product and measuring the rate of disappearance of a substance. Catalase is an enzyme found in almost all living organisms. It is a very important enzyme as it prevents the build-up of toxic hydrogen peroxide in cells. It catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 Enzymes are affected by enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and temperature. As enzyme concentration increases the rate of reaction also increases linearly. However, once it reaches a very high enzyme concentration, the substrate concentration reaches a rate-limiting and the rate stops increasing. As the substrate concentration increases, the rate also increases. At higher concentrations, the enzymes become saturated with substrate so there a very few free enzyme molecules. So, adding more substrate would make no difference. The enzyme activity increases as temperature increases until an optimum temperature is reached. Once the optimum temperature is reached, if the temperature is increased any more then there is a decline in enzyme activity. Enzymes become denatured at a high temperature, the enzyme can then no longer carry out its function correctly. Method: A fresh potato was peeled and cut into small cubes. 100g of the tissue was weighed out. The potato, 100ml of cold distilled water and a small amount of crushed ice was placed into a pre-chilled blender. This was then homogenised for 30 seconds at high speed. The potato mixture was filtered. The filtrate was poured into a 100ml graduated cylinder. Cold distilled water was added to bring the volume to 100ml. 100, 75, 50, 25, and 0 units/ml of enzyme concentrations were made up, (the total volume in each should be 40mls). 40ml of 1% H2O2 solution was placed into five different beakers. Forceps were used to fully immerse a glass fibre disc into the first of the catalase solutions (100 units/ml). The disc absorbed the enzyme solution for 5 seconds, it was removed and allowed to drain for 10 seconds. The disc was then dropped into the first beaker of H2O2. The time was then recorded from the moment the disc touched the surface to the moment it reached the surface again. This was done with two separate discs and the average time was got. This was then repeated for each of the enzyme solutions. The rate of reaction versus enzyme concentration was then plotted. 40mls of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 5% and 10% hydrogen peroxide solutions we added to seven separate beakers. Forceps were used to fully immerse a glass fibre disc into 100 units/ml of the catalase solution. It was removed from the catalase after 5 seconds and allowed to drain for 10 seconds. The disc was then dropped into the 0.1% hydrogen peroxide solution. The time was recorded from the moment it touched the surface to the minute it reached the surface again. This was done twice with two separate discs and the average time was got. This was done using all the substrate solutions. The rate of reaction versus substrate concentrations were plotted. Water baths were set up at the temperatures: 0oC, 150C, 250C, 300C, 370C, 450C and 600C. 40mls of 1% hydrogen peroxide and 40mls of enzyme solution were incubated separately at each of the temperatures for 5 minutes. After the 5 minutes, a glass fibre disc was fully immersed into the enzyme solution for 5 seconds at 00C, using forceps. It was then removed and allowed to drain for 10 seconds before the disc was dropped into the beaker of the hydrogen peroxide. The time was recorded from the moment it touched the surface to the moment it reached the surface again. This was done twice using two separate discs each time at each temperature. The rate of reaction versus temperature was then plotted. Results: Concentration Time Average Time 1/Time 25% 22 22 22 0.045455 50% 15 14 14.5 0.068966 75% 14 12 12.5 0.08 100% 10 8 9 0.1111111 Concentration Time Average Time 1/Time 0.1% 46 42 44 0.022727 0.2% 32 29 30.5 0.032787 0.5% 18 16 17 0.058824 0.8% 14 12 13 0.076923 1% 8 10 9 0.11111 5% 5 3 4 0.25 10% 2 1 1.5 0.666667 Temperature (0C) Time Average Time 1/Time 0 16 15 15.5 0.064516 15 13 11 12 0.08 25 10 11 10.5 0.095238 30 10 9 9.5 0.105263 37 5 8 6.5 0.153846 45 9 15 11.5 0.08 60 149 157 153 0.006536 Discussion:       The effect the change of enzyme concentration had on the reaction time of catalase activity can be observed from the graph and table (a). When the enzyme concentration was 25%, the rate of reaction was 22 seconds. However, when the enzyme was at 100% the reaction occurred within 9 seconds. This was a difference of 13 seconds and a concentration change of 75%. The reason there was such a difference in the rate of reaction was because there was more enzyme concentration than substrate so the enzymes could easily react. The change of concentration in the substrate had a huge effect on the rate of reaction of catalase, this can be observed from table and graph (b). The reaction time was 44 seconds when the substrate concentration was 0.1%. When that concentration was 10% the reaction time was a quick 1.5 seconds. This proves that as the concentration of substrate increase so does the rate of reaction. However, if the concentration was continued to be increased eventually there would be very little free enzymes left so the rate of reaction slows down. It is clear from the table and graph (c) that enzymes optimum temperature is 37oC. The rate of reaction increases as the temperature increases up to 37oC, any temperature increase after that causes the rate of reaction to decrease. The enzymes begin to denature in any temperature higher than their optimum temperature. Conclusions: It is very important to understand what affects the rate of reaction in relation to enzymes in catalase activity. Enzymes control nearly all biological reactions, so this means it controls anything from digestion to tissue repair in the body. Enzymes are commonly prescribed to animals when a body process isnt functioning properly. So, it is essential to know what factors affect the productivity of enzymes to enable the correct treatment is given to the animal. Reference: S. Marsden (2008) Enzymes. [Online]. Available at: https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/enzymes [Accessed 18 February 2017].

Influence of George Berkeley :: This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison Philosopher Essays

The Influence of George Berkeley George Berkeley (1685-1753) was an Irish clergyman and philosopher who studied and taught at Trinity College in Ireland, where he completed some of his best known works on the immateriality of matter (believing that all matter was composed of ideas of perception and therefore did not exist if it was not being perceived). Coleridge himself acknowledge the influence of Berkeley on his work, in particular his poem â€Å"This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison† when he wrote a letter to Robert Southey in July 1797, in which the poem was included, with the following note, â€Å"You remember, I am a Berkleian.† We can see the influence of Berkeleyin â€Å"This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison† in three main ways: perceptions of light, the idea of a divine spirit in everything yet still separate and itself, and the idea that there are as many â€Å"minima visibilia† in an enclosed space as out in the wide-open spaces. According to Stephen Prickett, one of the main ideas that Berkeley had hoped to prove was that all reality is mental, but the idea that truly came through in his works is that each person does not perceive object, but instead qualities (like color, form, sent, and sound), and each person perceives these qualities differently. Prickett goes further to claim that the effect of this idea on Coleridge â€Å"was to make him intensely conscious of light† (12). We can see this obsession with light and they way it plays on different object throughout â€Å"This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison†: Pale beneath the blaze Hung the transparent foliage; and I watch’d Some broad and sunny leaf, and lov’d to see The shadow of the leaf and stem above Dappling its sunshine! And that walnut-tree Was richly ting’d, and a deep radiance lay Full on the ancient ivy, which usurps Those fronting elms, and now, with blackest mass Makes their dark branches gleam a lighter hue Through the late twilight†¦ Coleridge’s preoccupation with light and the way in which it changes the perception of the object is what links this passage with the ideas of Berkeley. Even though Coleridge and many other Romantics (such as Wordsworth) used the came to different conclusions about perception than Berkeley, his theories about light â€Å"pointed to the why in which such phenomena of light as the rainbow could be used as a scientific model for the imagination as a perceptual relationship between man and nature† (Prickett 13).

Considerations of Communication Style Essay

Communication style has a very big impact on the dynamics of face-to-face encounters, that is, whether a conversation proceeds smoothly or by fits and starts, whether both continually interrupt each other or are both able to talk simultaneously without interrupting and whether their style of listening match. Differences in ethnic background coupled with those of communication style probably increase chances that implicit unverbalized matters will be overlooked or misinterpreted. To be able to understand deeper and more sophisticated effects of style differences can take years. In exploring such differences of â€Å"the other†, one cannot help but come to understand the cultural factors that have shaped one’s own style. In the communication between Japanese and Non-Japanese there are intercultural communication blocks that have to be considered, which are, problems on direct and indirectness, individuality and groups view, decision making, and discussion. Components of Communication Style  According to some experts there are various things included in the components of communication style, such as: topics of discussions, favorite interaction forms -ritual, repartee, argument, and self disclosure- and involvement depth, as well as the channel people rely upon (Dean Barlund) ; behaviors –gesticulation, eye contact, speech and kinetic rhythm, and listening behavior- (Erickson) ; interruptions, pauses, laughter, inductive and deductive statements, and types of question ( E. S Johnson). However, in this discussion, there are three variables suggested as a core to explore communication style: (1) orientation to interaction, (2) code preference, and (3) interaction format. These are not to be understood as stereotype descriptions of all members of any cultural group but rather as stylistic preferences of the cultural group as a whole. Communication style orientations are anchored in cultural standards but allow for individual movement depending upon the situation and cultural constraints.

The Limey, and how these work to produce meaning and establish themes Essays

The Limey, and how these work to produce meaning and establish themes Essays The Limey, and how these work to produce meaning and establish themes Paper The Limey, and how these work to produce meaning and establish themes Paper Essay Topic: City Lights Film The Limey1 demonstrated through 40 quite fragmented shots lasting 4 minutes and 15 seconds, that the auteur Steven Soderberghs use of unconventional discontinuous editing was developed from his blockbuster film thriller Out of Sight2/3. Soderberghs narrative establishes that Wilson, the protagonist of the plot is trying to find how Jenny snuffed it4. The focus demonstrates that this extract illustrates four specific interlinked techniques to engage the audience in ideological meanings and themes to establish the screenwriters narrative. This, includes Mise-en-scene, dealing with the elements placed in front of the camera5, cinematography displaying how film footage is shot and filmed, editing relating shots to shots and the relationship of sound to visual images6. Instantly the film begins the audience notices that this will not be conventional. The first frame is a black screen with a male voice over, saying, Tell me? Tell me. Tell me about Jenny7 in a very harsh, aggressive tone. The repetition and coldness in his voice suggests the idea of desperation, as if this character will do anything to Know about Jenny. However, this leaves a question hanging over the audience with no visual clues, possibly the director will illustrate answers further on, as the audience are left climaxing on why this was said and to whom? The sequence begins with an extremely blurred image, with the words, Terrance Stamp (actor) superimposed over it suggesting that this film will have an unfocused or unconventional narrative. However, Soderbergh uses balanced composition, as the character walks towards the camera and comes into focus placing Wilson on the left and THE LIMEY superimposed on the right, establishing that although elements within the plot shall be blurred it will be understandable and focused by the end. The denoted text may also connote that the character could have characteristics of a limey8. The word Limey is established through history to mean a British person or ship9, as the British navy enforced consumption of lime juice to combat scurvy on long sea journeys 10. Thus, illustrating that just as the lime combats scurvy Wilson has something to scourge11. The nondiegetic soundtrack at the beginning works as an introduction to the film, as Wilson comes into focus so does the music and the ideology behind it. The quick rhythmic tempo of a marching drumbeat links to the pace the character walks, displaying conventions of an action movies mood music, while connoting an emotional journey for the protagonist. The mise-en-scene demonstrates the protagonist leaving an airport, showing the audience flight attendants in uniform behind him. Soderbergh uses an eyeline match with subjective point of view cutting, while panning, to establish what Wilson is seeing. The spectator is shown trolleys, people with tickets and bags rushing around. Ideologically, this may suggest he could be new to the area, established later by his cockney accent when he says snuffed it. While the camera pans the spectator is also shown a medium 2 shot of police men; no zoom, just a direct shot, leading to a medium close up of Wilson loosening his tie. The figures behaviour and the sharpness of Soderberghs shot reflects the idea that he could be tense or stressed by noticing the police quickly, possibly because of criminal involvement in the past. The lighting throughout insinuates duplicitous nature towards the character, as he is constantly half shadowed, and wears dark clothes. Establishing mystery, the truth being hidden through shadow or there being contrasting sides of good and evil. Once Wilson is in the taxi, the audience sees a side ways shot with him looking forward rather than into the camera and then his head slowly turns from left to right and vice-versa. This could conceivably establish, as the sound track suggests that he is searching for someone. The next shot begins with a plane juxtaposed to the character being at the airport previously. The director follows the movement of the craft from left to right. He tilts the camera slightly downwards denoting Wilson to be coming towards one of many rooms illustrating hes at a hotel, which is established once he enters, by looking around and putting clothes away. At this point Soderbergh has still not shown Wilson speak to anyone, again connoting a mission. This is clarified by the nondiegetic mood music stating, They call me the seeker Searching low and high12, interlinking between the ideas that he is trying to find Jenny and the different camera angles, Soderbergh uses. The view that the protagonist seeks someone is clarified when his back faces the camera. The audience sees him remove the prop of an envelope with a news article from his jacket stating, Women Dies On Mulholland13, on the back of the envelope there is an address. Resulting in the audience and character being given clues suggesting Jenny is dead and answers to his questions lie at that address. The over shoulder shot connotes that the audience wants to seek the truth just as the protagonist does. At this point the article is juxtaposed to the nondiegetic music stating People tend to hate me cause I never smile Im a seeker, Im a really desperate man finishing instantly. This demonstrates not only his character, as constantly he gazes towards nothingness but connotes a sense of revenge as the sudden end to the song demonstrates elements of aggression, by wanting to know who caused Jennys death. Soderbergh now displays discontinuity editing, whilst using fragmented shots, but giving the spectator a fluid sense of time, forwards and backwards, allowing the audience to see where the character is emotionally. This is firstly demonstrated when Soderbergh denotes a close up on Wilson, as he looks at the envelope stating Ed Roe and juxtaposes that with a medium shot of Edward. This could connote the genre to be a crime thriller where the protagonist constantly reflects on clues. The interesting part of these fragmentations occurs when the little girl is introduced. The spectator goes from seeing Wilson sitting in a hotel room smoking and the room looking lived in with nondiegetic chimes and diegetic humming. This is juxtaposed with an image of a little girl standing on the beach with light beaming in her eyes. Thus reflecting a mirror in the characters eyes, establishing a link between Wilsons constant reflection and the little girl possibly portraying Jenny, his daughter when younger. The overlapping humming could be part of this memory; maybe a nursery rhyme he sang when she was younger and he reflects on that, just as something reflects in the girls eyes. Another fragmented point is Wilson reflecting on Jenny in the car with Edward. This through a form of superimposed editing is filmed in a blue tint which clouds the footage just like the girl at the beach, making the audience look closer. However in the car shot there are vertical lighting strips, representing the image of shutters and connoting ideas of hiding the truth. At the same time establishing an ideological voyeuristic nature that wants the audience to find the truth just as Wilson does. This is then juxtaposed to a shot of Wilson looking at a photograph of his daughter, through a motif of light, which follows the whole extract, half is covered with shadow, linking her to Wilson, but also establishing her to have something to hide. The concluding footage is less fragmented establishing continuity, as Wilson tries to follow the clues the spectators and himself have been given linking them to Edward. This begins with Wilson in a taxi, heading somewhere in a big city denoted by background city lights. This leads the director to an objective point of view shot where the audience notice a car drive past speedily making them think Wilson is in there. However, the background denotes a person getting out of a car who spectators realise is the protagonist heading up to the house, shown to be Edwards. This is an interesting use of cinematography as the film illustrates the character from different points of view through both subjective and objective omniscient shots, making the audience feel they are actually seeking out his daughter, while ideologically demonstrating that nothing within this film is settled and everything is disrupted just like the fragmented shots. Soderbergh uses another sharp edit with no zoom, to have Edward open the door connoting the idea that he has one true mission and nothing will stop the protagonist. Through reversal shot techniques it is determined that characters have a conversation about Wilsons daughter, at the same time in the background of the medium close up with Edward we ironically see his children running round, thus allowing the audience to feel sympathy towards Wilson and his need for the truth. Finally the audience are invited into Edwards back garden where the truth appears, who done it then. Snuffed her establishing, she is definitely dead while connoting his mission for revenge to the spectator. This extract has used a varied amount of both conventional and unconventional techniques such as the amount of fragmentation used. However, through these techniques of mise-en-scene, cinematography, editing and sound, the spectator is able to identify with themes established by Soderbergh. Firstly, there is revenge, as Wilson is seeking the true answers to why his daughter died, resolving a sense of injustice, as through reflections of a little girls innocence is represented. Secondly, there is the theme of nostalgia established through the protagonist being around 50s and reflecting on his past through Soderberghs fragmented shots. Finally, another theme is that of Father and Daughter as through the fragments of his reflective memory we see both a little girl and a women but also by his facial expressions as a character the nature of pain, which he feels over her death, is very clear. Through all the techniques and ideological meanings illustrated Soderbergh is suggesting through the music that the genre is an action movie, representing a crime drama through the protagonist constantly reflecting on truths and clues.